China’s Loss of Its Dependencies
China’s Loss of Its Dependencies
China's traditional tributary states, which through its ceremonial subservience had long reinforced the country's self-image as the center of the moral and political universe, began to slowly slip away toward the end of the nineteenth century as foreign powers started to move in. For as long as it could, China had taken great pains to preserve these territories' nominal dependence on imperial benevolence. But by 1895, the Qing dynasty was in an accelerated decline and many of its vassal states, including Annam, Tibet, and Korea, had started to leave its sphere of influence, ceasing to perform the traditional ceremonies acknowledging China's supremacy.
Keywords: Sinic universalism, Chinese supremacy, Qing dynasty, vassal states, ceremonial subservience, foreign relations, independence, autonomy
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